L'image de Jacques Chirac dans la presse américaine: Novembre 1994-Avril 2002
In: Bulletin de l'Institut Pierre Renouvin, Band 25, Heft 1, S. 99-114
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In: Bulletin de l'Institut Pierre Renouvin, Band 25, Heft 1, S. 99-114
International audience ; Perceforest features three violent deaths in a row, building up to a vendetta. The narrative is enhanced by a clever conjointure that manages to renew the adventurous motif while avoiding repetitions and commonplaces. Even though modern readers may be surprised at the presence of merveilles, or marvelous elements, a Burgundian audience, and more particularly the Duke of Burgundy himself, Phillip the Good, would in fact have been interested in elements which could be seen to draw a parallel with contemporary historical events : indeed, the murder of John the Fearless at Montereau was seen as a deeply traumatic event, one that was often depicted in Burgundian literature. Such a reading throws an entirely new light on the three sequences, and especially on the third murder, this particular one being out of sync with History : baby Passelion, born with a bow in hand, appears as a kind of Cupid, who can be taken to represent the Duke of Burgundy, a great seducer – as Estonné's own son would prove to be – and a conqueror who used his bastard sons as political pawns instead of instruments of revenge . ; Perceforest présente trois morts violentes, qui s'enchaînent au rythme de la vendetta. Le récit est servi par une savante conjointure qui évite l'épuisement du motif et le tire hors de la banalité de l'aventure. Si le lecteur moderne peut être surpris par les merveilles associées, les lecteurs bourguignons du XVe siècle, et en particulier le duc de Bourgogne, étaient plutôt retenus par le parallèle entretenu avec l'Histoire, avec le meurtre de Jean sans Peur à Montereau, véritable traumatisme sur lequel revient souvent la littérature bourguignonne. À être lus sous cet angle, les trois épisodes, et en particulier le troisième meurtre, en décalage avec l'Histoire, reçoivent un éclairage nouveau : le bébé Passelion armé d'un arc est une sorte de Cupidon, qui représenterait le duc de Bourgogne, grand séducteur (comme le sera le fils d'Estonné), dont la politique conquérante s'est appuyée sur ses bâtards, ce qui rendait le meurtre hors de saison.
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International audience ; Perceforest features three violent deaths in a row, building up to a vendetta. The narrative is enhanced by a clever conjointure that manages to renew the adventurous motif while avoiding repetitions and commonplaces. Even though modern readers may be surprised at the presence of merveilles, or marvelous elements, a Burgundian audience, and more particularly the Duke of Burgundy himself, Phillip the Good, would rather have been interested in elements which actual historical events: indeed, the murder of John the Fearless in Montereau had amounted to a deeply traumatic event, often depicted in Burgundian literature. Such a reading throws an entirely new light on the whole sequence, and especially one the third murder, this one being out of sync with History: baby Passelion, born with a bow in hand, appears as a kind of Cupid, who would represent the Duke of Burgundy, a great seducer – as Estonné'son will be – and a conqueror who used his bastard sons as political pawns instead of avenging tools.
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International audience ; Perceforest features three violent deaths in a row, building up to a vendetta. The narrative is enhanced by a clever conjointure that manages to renew the adventurous motif while avoiding repetitions and commonplaces. Even though modern readers may be surprised at the presence of merveilles, or marvelous elements, a Burgundian audience, and more particularly the Duke of Burgundy himself, Phillip the Good, would rather have been interested in elements which actual historical events: indeed, the murder of John the Fearless in Montereau had amounted to a deeply traumatic event, often depicted in Burgundian literature. Such a reading throws an entirely new light on the whole sequence, and especially one the third murder, this one being out of sync with History: baby Passelion, born with a bow in hand, appears as a kind of Cupid, who would represent the Duke of Burgundy, a great seducer – as Estonné'son will be – and a conqueror who used his bastard sons as political pawns instead of avenging tools.
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International audience ; Perceforest features three violent deaths in a row, building up to a vendetta. The narrative is enhanced by a clever conjointure that manages to renew the adventurous motif while avoiding repetitions and commonplaces. Even though modern readers may be surprised at the presence of merveilles, or marvelous elements, a Burgundian audience, and more particularly the Duke of Burgundy himself, Phillip the Good, would in fact have been interested in elements which could be seen to draw a parallel with contemporary historical events : indeed, the murder of John the Fearless at Montereau was seen as a deeply traumatic event, one that was often depicted in Burgundian literature. Such a reading throws an entirely new light on the three sequences, and especially on the third murder, this particular one being out of sync with History : baby Passelion, born with a bow in hand, appears as a kind of Cupid, who can be taken to represent the Duke of Burgundy, a great seducer – as Estonné's own son would prove to be – and a conqueror who used his bastard sons as political pawns instead of instruments of revenge . ; Perceforest présente trois morts violentes, qui s'enchaînent au rythme de la vendetta. Le récit est servi par une savante conjointure qui évite l'épuisement du motif et le tire hors de la banalité de l'aventure. Si le lecteur moderne peut être surpris par les merveilles associées, les lecteurs bourguignons du XVe siècle, et en particulier le duc de Bourgogne, étaient plutôt retenus par le parallèle entretenu avec l'Histoire, avec le meurtre de Jean sans Peur à Montereau, véritable traumatisme sur lequel revient souvent la littérature bourguignonne. À être lus sous cet angle, les trois épisodes, et en particulier le troisième meurtre, en décalage avec l'Histoire, reçoivent un éclairage nouveau : le bébé Passelion armé d'un arc est une sorte de Cupidon, qui représenterait le duc de Bourgogne, grand séducteur (comme le sera le fils d'Estonné), dont la politique conquérante s'est appuyée sur ses ...
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In: Revista do Serviço Público, Band 43, S. 70-76
ISSN: 2357-8017
Desde o início da implantação da energia elétrica no Brasil, no final do século passado, sucederam-se várias fases de dependência tecnológica do Setor Elétrico em relação aos países industrializados. Nos primeiros tempos, tanto o projeto como os equipamentos, e mesmo a infraestrutura para os empreendimentos de geração, transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica eram importados pelas companhias do Setor e as principais delas eram de origem estrangeira. Na área de projeto e construção, o País é hoje virtualmente independente de tecnologia externa. As empresas de energia elétrica, na sua grande maioria pertencentes aos Governos Federal e Estaduais, apoiadas no "know-how" existente nas companhias de engenharia e consultoria, estão hoje capacitadas a executar quaisquer obras de interesse do Setor, inclusive usinas hidroelétricas do porte de Itaipu, com seus 12.600 MW de potência instalada.
International audience ; Attack trees are widely considered in the fields of security for the analysis of risks (or threats) against electronics, computer control, or physical systems. A major barrier is that attack trees can become largely complex and thus hard to specify. This paper presents ATSyRA, a tooling environment to automatically synthesize attack trees of a system under study. ATSyRA provides advanced editors to specify high-level descriptions of a system, high-level actions to structure the tree, and ways to interactively refine the synthesis. We illustrate how users can specify a military building, abstract and organize attacks, and eventually obtain a readable attack tree.
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International audience ; Attack trees are widely considered in the fields of security for the analysis of risks (or threats) against electronics, computer control, or physical systems. A major barrier is that attack trees can become largely complex and thus hard to specify. This paper presents ATSyRA, a tooling environment to automatically synthesize attack trees of a system under study. ATSyRA provides advanced editors to specify high-level descriptions of a system, high-level actions to structure the tree, and ways to interactively refine the synthesis. We illustrate how users can specify a military building, abstract and organize attacks, and eventually obtain a readable attack tree.
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Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.
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Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long- term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.
BASE
Background: Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods: This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings: Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16-30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77-0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50-0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80-0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54-0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation: Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services.
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